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位于柬埔寨西北暹粒省(Siem Reap)首府暹粒北方约6公里处，距离首都金边约260公里，占地约两百平方公里，为世界上最大的庙宇，是高棉人的精神与和宗教中心。并于1992年被联合国科教文组织(UNESCO)列入世界文化遗产，与中国的万里长城、印度尼西亚的婆罗浮屠寺、埃及的金字塔、被誉为东方四大奇迹之一。 吴哥(Angkor)源于梵语「Nagara」，意为首都。在公元9世纪至15世纪时，曾是高棉王国的都城。吴哥王朝建立于公元802年，完成于1201年，历时400年，先后经历25位国王统治。吴哥所在地暹粒中的「暹」是泰国之简称，而暹粒意思则为战胜泰国。 1431年泰国军队入侵后，吴哥遭到了严重破坏，王朝被迫迁都至金边。此后，昔日繁华的吴哥湮没于蔓草之中，成为杂草丛生的废墟，逐渐被世人所遗忘。直到19世纪60年代一个叫亨利?慕奥(Henri Mouhot)的法国博物学家发现了吴哥古迹。 |
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吴哥古迹现存600多处，包括大吴哥城、小吴哥城、女皇宫、塔普伦寺、罗洛士遗址、涅盘宫等遗址，范围广大，分布在面积45平方公里的森林之中。大吴哥和小吴哥是它的主要组成部分，其中有许多精美的佛塔及众多的石刻浮雕，生动逼真，蔚为壮观。吴哥城中所使用的石块与埃及卓甫斯(Cheops)金字塔一样多，城中的佛塔全部用巨大石块堆砌而成，有些石块重高达8吨以上。 在整个吴哥遗迹中，建于公元十二世纪的小吴哥保存和维护最为完整，也最具代表性。由当时国力最强盛的国王苏利亚拔摩二世(Suryavarman II)所建造来歌颂自己的丰功伟业。大寺院供奉印度教三大天神之一的「毘湿奴」(Vishnu)，主神八臂毘湿奴的面貌取于国王苏利亚拔摩二世，神庙祭祀的天神并非都遥不可及，而是实际存在的。 主神殿有三层，为长方形的四面城墙，东西长1,025公尺，南北长820公尺，周围有一条宽达200公尺的城壕及护城河环绕。这是吴哥遗迹中唯一正门朝西的寺庙，小吴哥共有五个门，中间是国王的通道，左右两边则是给大臣们的通道，至于两旁没有阶梯的两个通道是供平民及牛车或大象搬运用时用的。走出第一道回廊，到达一个长540公尺，宽12公尺的西参道，通往主神殿，左右两边各有对称的两座藏经阁与荷花池。 |
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进入主神殿后，第一层回廊四周围墙壁刻有印度教神化故事的浮雕，第二层回廊保留着一些残缺不全的佛像，又称为千佛殿。所有回廊墙面上布满各种舞姿曼妙的仙女阿帕莎拉(Apsara)壁画，此外，位于北侧的回音厅，背靠着墙壁，轻敲胸部即可听到神奇的回音。第三层回廊布局为田字型设计，四面都矗立神像。 小吴哥中心主塔，意味宇宙中心，以基地算起高65公尺，垂直角度约有75公尺，登上可眺望吴哥古迹全貌，亲身感受到吴哥时期的伟大浩瀚。 Angkor Wat is the majestic work of Suryavarman II, who ruled from AD 1113 to 1150. The temple was dedicated to the Hindu God Vishnu. It was constructed over about 37 years, covering a territory of almost 80 hectares. Angkor Wat represents the pinnacle of Khmer and Hindu art. The temple consists of five towers, which are presently shown on the Cambodian national flag. These towers represent the five peaks of Mount Meru, the home of the gods and center of the Hindu universe. Angkor Wat, regarded as the supreme masterpiece of Khmer architecture, is the most eminent, and the most magnificent temple of Angkor's site. It is surrounded by a moat 570 feet wide and three corridors encircle the five central shrines. The bas-relief carving is of the highest quality and the most beautifully executed in Angkor. The door from the west side approaches the first outer corridor over a long bridge over the moat. The first corridor has square pillars on the outer side and a closed wall on the inner side. It is decorated with lotus rosettes on the ceiling between the pillars; the closed wall is decorated with dancing figures. The outside of the interior wall is decorated with pillared windows and Apsaras (dancing figures) on swaggering animals. Apsaras appear on most walls and corridors. A long avenue leads to the second corridor. The interior walls of the second corridor describe a pictographic narrative in relief. The third corridor is surrounded by five shrines which are built on a raised terrace. Angkor Wat features the longest continuous bas-relief in the world, which runs along the exterior corridor walls, narrating stories from Hindu Mythology. With the decline of the ancient Khmer empire, Angkor Wat became a Buddhist temple and was continuously maintained, which ensured its preservation. |
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