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吳哥窟(Angkor Wat)



位於柬埔寨西北暹粒省(Siem Reap)首府暹粒北方約6公里處,距離首都金邊約260公里,占地約兩百平方公里,為世界上最大的廟宇,是高棉人的精神與和宗教中心。並於1992年被聯合國教科文組織(UNESCO)列入世界文化遺產,與中國的萬裡長城、印尼的婆羅浮屠寺、埃及的金字塔、被譽為東方四大奇跡之一。

吳哥(Angkor)源於梵語「Nagara」,意為首都。在西元9世紀至15世紀時,曾是高棉王國的都城。吳哥王朝建立于西元802年,完成於1201年,歷時400年,先後經歷25位國王統治。吳哥所在地暹粒中的「暹」是泰國之簡稱,而暹粒意思則為戰勝泰國。

1431年泰國軍隊入侵後,吳哥遭到了嚴重破壞,王朝被迫遷都至金邊。此後,昔日繁華的吳哥湮沒于蔓草之中,成為雜草叢生的廢墟,逐漸被世人所遺忘。直到19世紀60年代一個叫亨利•慕奧(Henri Mouhot)的法國博物學家發現了吳哥古跡。




吳哥古跡現存600多處,包括大吳哥城、小吳哥城、女皇宮、塔普倫寺、羅洛士遺址、涅盤宮等遺址,範圍廣大,分佈在面積45平方公里的森林之中。大吳哥和小吳哥是它的主要組成部分,其中有許多精美的佛塔及眾多的石刻浮雕,生動逼真,蔚為壯觀。吳哥城中所使用的石塊與埃及卓甫斯(Cheops)金字塔一樣多,城中的佛塔全部用巨大石塊堆砌而成,有些石塊重高達8噸以上。

在整個吳哥遺跡中,建於西元十二世紀的小吳哥保存和維護最為完整,也最具代表性。由當時國力最強盛的國王蘇利亞拔摩二世(Suryavarman II)所建造來歌頌自己的豐功偉業。大寺院供奉印度教三大天神之一的「毘濕奴」(Vishnu),主神八臂毘濕奴的面貌取于國王蘇利亞拔摩二世,神廟祭祀的天神並非都遙不可及,而是實際存在的。

主神殿有三層,為長方形的四面城牆,東西長1,025公尺,南北長820公尺,周圍有一條寬達200公尺的城壕及護城河環繞。這是吳哥遺跡中唯一正門朝西的寺廟,小吳哥共有五個門,中間是國王的通道,左右兩邊則是給大臣們的通道,至於兩旁沒有階梯的兩個通道是供平民及牛車或大象搬運用時用的。走出第一道回廊,到達一個長540公尺,寬12公尺的西參道,通往主神殿,左右兩邊各有對稱的兩座藏經閣與荷花池。




進入主神殿后,第一層回廊四周圍牆壁刻有印度教神化故事的浮雕,第二層回廊保留著一些殘缺不全的佛像,又稱為千佛殿。所有回廊牆面上佈滿各種舞姿曼妙的仙女阿帕莎拉(Apsara)壁畫,此外,位於北側的回音廳,背靠著牆壁,輕敲胸部即可聽到神奇的回音。第三層回廊佈局為田字型設計,四面都矗立神像。

小吳哥中心主塔,意味宇宙中心,以基地算起高65公尺,垂直角度約有75公尺,登上可眺望吳哥古跡全貌,親身感受到吳哥時期的偉大浩瀚。

Angkor Wat is the majestic work of Suryavarman II, who ruled from AD 1113 to 1150. The temple was dedicated to the Hindu God Vishnu. It was constructed over about 37 years, covering a territory of almost 80 hectares. Angkor Wat represents the pinnacle of Khmer and Hindu art. The temple consists of five towers, which are presently shown on the Cambodian national flag. These towers represent the five peaks of Mount Meru, the home of the gods and center of the Hindu universe. Angkor Wat, regarded as the supreme masterpiece of Khmer architecture, is the most eminent, and the most magnificent temple of Angkor's site. It is surrounded by a moat 570 feet wide and three corridors encircle the five central shrines. The bas-relief carving is of the highest quality and the most beautifully executed in Angkor. The door from the west side approaches the first outer corridor over a long bridge over the moat. The first corridor has square pillars on the outer side and a closed wall on the inner side. It is decorated with lotus rosettes on the ceiling between the pillars; the closed wall is decorated with dancing figures. The outside of the interior wall is decorated with pillared windows and Apasara (dancing figures) on swaggering animals. Apasara appear on most walls and corridors. A long avenue leads to the second corridor. The interior walls of the second corridor describe a pictographic narrative in relief. The third corridor is surrounded by five shrines which are built on a raised terrace. Angkor Wat features the longest continuous bas-relief in the world, which runs along the exterior corridor walls, narrating stories from Hindu Mythology. With the decline of the ancient Khmer empire, Angkor Wat became a Buddhist temple and was continuously maintained, which ensured its preservation.

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